TREE FACTS

A tree is a perennial woody plant. It is most often defined as a woody plant that has secondary branches supported clear of the ground on a single main stem or trunk with clear apical dominance. A minimum height specification at maturity is cited by some authors, varying from 3 m to 6 m; some authors set a minimum of 10 cm trunk diameter (30 cm girth). Woody plants that do not meet these definitions by having multiple stems and/or small size, are called shrubs. Compared with most other plants, trees are long-lived, some of them getting to be several thousand years old and growing to up to 115 m (375 ft) high. Trees are an important component of the natural landscape because of their prevention of erosion and the provision of a specific weather-sheltered ecosystem in and under their foliage. Trees have also been found to play an important role in producing oxygen and reducing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, as well as moderating ground temperatures. They are also significant elements in landscaping and agriculture, both for their aesthetic appeal and their orchard crops (such as apples). Wood from trees is a common building material.

Classification of a Tree:
A tree is a plant form that occurs in many different orders and families of plants. Trees show a wide variety of growth forms, leaf type and shape, bark characteristics, and reproductive organs. The earliest trees were tree ferns and horsetails, which grew in vast forests in the Carboniferous Period; tree ferns still survive, but the only surviving horsetails are not of tree form. Later, in the Triassic Period, conifers, ginkgos, cycads and other gymnosperms appeared, and subsequently flowering plants in the Cretaceous Period. Most species of trees today are flowering plants (Angiosperms) and conifers. The listing below gives examples of many well-known trees and how they are typically classified. A small group of trees growing together is called a grove or copse, and a landscape covered by a dense growth of trees is called a forest. Several biotopes are defined largely by the trees that inhabit them; examples are rainforest and taiga. A landscape of trees scattered or spaced across grassland (usually grazed or burned over periodically) is called a savanna. A forest of great age is called old growth forest or ancient woodland (in the UK). A young tree is called a sapling.

Morphology of a Tree:


Tree roots anchor the structure and provide water and nutrients. The ground has eroded away around the roots of this young pine tree.The basic parts of a tree are the roots, trunk(s), branches, twigs and leaves. Tree stems consist mainly of support and transport tissues (xylem and phloem). Wood consists of xylem cells, and bark is made of phloem and other tissues external to the vascular cambium. Trees may be broadly grouped into exogenous and endogenous trees according to the way in which their stem diameter increases. Exogenous trees, which comprise the great majority of trees (all conifers, and almost all broadleaf trees), grow by the addition of new wood outwards, immediately under the bark. Endogenous trees, mainly in the monocotyledons (e.g., palms and dragon trees), but also cacti, grow by addition of new material inwards. As an exogenous tree grows, it creates growth rings as new wood is laid down concentrically over the old wood. In species growing in areas with seasonal climate changes, wood growth produced at different times of the year may be visible as alternating light and dark, or soft and hard, rings of wood. In temperate climates, and tropical climates with a single wet-dry season alternation, the growth rings are annual, each pair of light and dark rings being one year of growth; these are known as annual rings. In areas with two wet and dry seasons each year, there may be two pairs of light and dark rings each year; and in some (mainly semi-desert regions with irregular rainfall), there may be a new growth ring with each rainfall. In tropical rainforest regions with constant year-round climate, growth is continuous and the growth rings are not visible with no change in the wood texture. In species with annual rings, these rings can be counted to determine the age of the tree, and used to date cores or even wood taken from trees in the past, a practice is known as the science of dendrochronology. Very few tropical trees can be accurately aged in this manner. Age determination is also impossible in endogenous trees. The roots of a tree are generally embedded in earth, providing anchorage for the above-ground biomass and absorbing water and nutrients from the soil. It should be noted, however, that while ground nutrients are essential to a tree's growth the majority of its biomass comes from carbon dioxide absorbed from the atmosphere. Above ground, the trunk gives height to the leaf-bearing branches, aiding in competition with other plant species for sunlight. In many trees, the arrangement of the branches optimizes exposure of the leaves to sunlight. Not all trees have all the plant organs or parts mentioned above. For example, most palm trees are not branched, the saguaro cactus of North America has no functional leaves, tree ferns do not produce bark, etc. Based on their general shape and size, all of these are nonetheless generally regarded as trees. Indeed, sometimes size is the more important consideration. A plant form that is similar to a tree, but generally having smaller, multiple trunks and/or branches that arise near the ground, is called a shrub. However, no sharp differentiation between shrubs and trees is possible. Given their small size, bonsai plants would not technically be 'trees', but one should not confuse reference to the form of a species with the size or shape of individual specimens. A spruce seedling does not fit the definition of a tree, but all spruces are trees.



Champion tree:
The world's champion trees can be considered on several factors; height, trunk diameter or girth, total size, and age. It is significant that in each case, the top position is always held by a conifer, though a different species in each case; in most measures, the second to fourth places are also held by conifers.

Tallest tree:
The heights of the tallest trees in the world have been the subject of considerable dispute and much (often wild) exaggeration. Modern verified measurement with laser rangefinders combined with tape drop measurements made by tree climbers, carried out by the U.S. Eastern Native Tree Society has shown that most older measuring methods and measurements are unreliable, often producing exaggerations of 5% to 15% above the real height. Historical claims of trees of 117 m (384 ft), 130 m (427 ft), and even 150 m (492 ft), are now largely disregarded as unreliable, fantasy or outright fraud.

Stoutest tree:
The girth (circumference) of a tree is much easier to measure than the height, as it is a simple matter of stretching a tape round the trunk, and pulling it taut to find the circumference. Despite this, UK tree author Alan Mitchell made the following comment about measurements of yew trees in the British Isles: "The aberrations of past measurements of yews are beyond belief. For example, the tree at Tisbury has a well-defined, clean, if irregular bole at least 1.5 m long. It has been found to have a girth which has dilated and shrunk in the following way: 11.28 m (1834 Loudon), 9.3 m (1892 Lowe), 10.67 m (1903 Elwes and Henry), 9.0 m (1924 E. Swanton), 9.45 m (1959 Mitchell) .... Earlier measurements have therefore been omitted". As a general standard, tree girth is taken at 'breast height'; this is defined differently in different situations, with most forestry measurements taking girth at 1.3 m above ground, while those who measure ornamental trees usually measure at 1.5 m above ground; in most cases this makes little difference to the measured girth. On sloping ground, the "above ground" reference point is usually taken as the highest point on the ground touching the trunk, but some use the average between the highest and lowest points of ground. Some of the inflated old measurements may have been taken at ground level. Some past exaggerated measurements also result from measuring the complete next-to-bark measurement, pushing the tape in and out over every crevice and buttress. Modern trends are to cite the tree's diameter rather than the circumference; this is obtained by dividing the measured circumference by p; it assumes the trunk is circular in cross-section (an oval or irregular cross-section would result in a mean diameter slightly greater than the assumed circle). This is cited as dbh (diameter at breast height) in tree and forestry literature. A further problem with measuring baobabs Adansonia is that these trees store large amounts of water in the very soft wood in their trunks. This leads to marked variation in their girth over the year, swelling to a maximum at the end of the rainy season, minimum at the end of the dry season. Although baobabs have some of the highest girth measurements of any trees, no accurate measurements are currently available, but probably do not exceed 10-11 m (33-36 ft) diameter. Charles Darwin reported finding Fitzroya cupressoides with trunk circumferences of up to 40 m (130 ft) implying a diameter of about 12 m (40 ft), but this may be an anomaly as the largest known measurements are about 5 m. An addition problem lies in cases where multiple trunks (whether from an individual tree or multiple trees) grow together. The Sacred Fig is a notable example of this, forming additional 'trunks' by growing adventitious roots down from the branches, which then thicken up when the root reaches the ground to form new trunks; a single Sacred Fig tree can have hundreds of such trunks. Occasionally, errors may occur due to confusion between girth (circumference) and diameter.

Largest tree:
The largest trees in total volume are those which are both tall and of large diameter, and in particular, which hold a large diameter high up the trunk. Measurement is very complex, particularly if branch volume is to be included as well as the trunk volume, so measurements have only been made for a small number of trees, and generally only for the trunk. No attempt has ever been made to include root volume.



Oldest tree:
The oldest trees are determined by growth rings, which can be seen if the tree is cut down or in cores taken from the edge to the center of the tree. Accurate determination is only possible for trees which produce growth rings, generally those which occur in seasonal climates; trees in uniform non-seasonal tropical climates grow continuously and do not have distinct growth rings. It is also only possible for trees which are solid to the center of the tree; many very old trees become hollow as the dead heartwood decays away. For some of these species, age estimates have been made on the basis of extrapolating current growth rates, but the results are usually little better than guesswork or wild speculation.
The verified oldest measured ages are:
Great Basin Bristlecone Pine Pinus longaeva: 4,844 years
Alerce Fitzroya cupressoides: 3,622 years
Giant Sequoia Sequoiadendron giganteum: 3,266 years
Huon-pine Lagarostrobos franklinii: 2,500 years
Rocky Mountains Bristlecone Pine Pinus aristata: 2,435 years
Other species suspected of reaching exceptional age include European Yew Taxus baccata (probably over 2,000 years) and Western Redcedar Thuja plicata. A relative of the Brazil nut, a Jequitibá (Carinaria legalis) known as Patriarca da Floresta has been estimated by Godoy to be 3,020 years old. The oldest reported age for an angiosperm tree is 2293 years for the Sri Maha Bodhi Sacred Fig (Ficus religiosa) planted in 288 BC at Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka; this is also the oldest human-planted tree with a known planting date.

Trees in culture
The tree has been and still is a popular cultural symbol in most of the world. Common icons are the World tree, for instance Yggdrasil, and the tree of life. The tree often represents nature or the environment itself.

Major tree genera:

Flowering plants (Magnoliophyta; angiosperms):

Adoxaceae (Moschatel family)
The Adoxaceae is a small family of flowering plants in the order Dipsacales, as now constituted comprising four genera and about 150-200 species. It is characterised by opposite toothed leaves, small five- or, more rarely, four-petalled flowers in cymose inflorescences, and the fruit being a drupe.

Moschatel, Adoxa moschatellina
Elderberry, Sambucus species
Sinadoxa, Sinadoxa corydalifolia
Viburnum, Viburnum species
Altingiaceae (Sweetgum family)
The Altingiaceae is a small family of flowering plants in the order Saxifragales, including only three genera and about 18 species, all trees.

Sweetgum, Liquidambar species
Anacardiaceae (Cashew family)
Anacardiaceae is a family of 82 genera of flowering plants bearing fruits that are drupes. Some species produce the irritant urushiol. The type genus is Anacardium, the cashew. Other species included in this family are mango, poison ivy, sumac, smoke tree, and pistachio. Pistachio is sometimes placed in its own family, the Pistaciaceae.

Cashew, Anacardium occidentale
Mango, Mangifera indica
Pistachio, Pistacia vera
Sumac, Rhus species
Lacquer tree, Toxicodendron verniciflua
Annonaceae (Custard apple family)
Annonaceae family, also called custard apple family is a family of flowering plants consisting of trees, shrubs or rarely woody lianas. With about 2300 to 2500 species and more than 130 genera, it is the largest family in the Magnoliales. Only four genera, Annona, Rollinia, Uvaria and Asimina produce edible fruits, anona. Its type genus is Annona. The family is concentrated in the tropics, with few species found in temperate regions. About 900 species are Neotropical, 450 are Afrotropical, and the other species Indomalayan.

Cherimoya Annona cherimola
Custard apple Annona reticulata
Pawpaw Asimina triloba
Soursop Annona muricata
Apocynaceae (Dogbane family)
The Apocynaceae or dogbane family is a family of flowering plants, including trees, shrubs, herbs, or lianas. Many species are tall trees found in the tropical rainforest, and most are from the tropics and subtropics, but some come from tropical dry, xeric environments.

Pachypodium Pachypodium species
Aquifoliaceae (Holly family)
Holly, Ilex species
Holly (Ilex) is a genus of about 600 species of flowering plants in the family Aquifoliaceae, and the only living genus in that family.

Araliaceae (Ivy family)
Araliaceae is a family of flowering plants, also known as the Aralia family (after its type genus Aralia) or Ivy family. The family includes 254 species of trees, shrubs, lianas and perennial herbaceous plants into 2 subfamilies.

Kalopanax, Kalopanax pictus
Betulaceae (Birch family)
Betulaceae, or the Birch Family, includes six genera of deciduous nut-bearing trees and shrubs, including the birches, alders, hazels, hornbeams and hop-hornbeams, numbering about 130 species. They are mostly natives of the temperate Northern Hemisphere, with a few species reaching the Southern Hemisphere in the Andes in South America.

Alder, Alnus species
Birch, Betula species
Hornbeam, Carpinus species
Hazel, Corylus species
Bignoniaceae (family)
The Bignoniaceae, or Trumpet Creeper Family, is a family of flowering plants comprising of about 650-750 species in 116-120 genera. Members of the family are mostly trees and shrubs, and more rarely lianas (Podranea and Macfadyena) and herbaceous plants in 116-120 genera. As shrubs, they are twine climbers or tendril climbers, and rarely root climbers.

Catalpa, Catalpa species


Cactaceae (Cactus family)
A cactus (plural: cacti, cactuses, or cactus) is any member of the succulent plant family Cactaceae, native to the Americas. They are often used as ornamental plants, but some are also crop plants.

Saguaro, Carnegiea gigantea:
The Saguaro, pronounced "sah-wah-roh", (Carnegiea gigantea) is a large, tree-sized cactus species in the monotypic genus Carnegiea. It is native to the Sonoran Desert in Arizona and California, United States and northern Mexico.

Cornaceae (Dogwood family)
The Dogwood family (Cornaceae) is a widespread family, mostly in the north temperate zone, in the order Cornales. The family mostly comprises woody shrubs and trees, in about fifteen genera, although which genera properly belong to this family is controversial. The Cornaceae is best known for two genera, Cornus, the dogwoods, and Nyssa, the tupelos; the latter is often placed, together with the Dove tree Davidia and the Happy tree Camptotheca, in a separate family, the Nyssaceae. All members of the family have simple leaves and most are deciduous and have attractive fall foliage; some Cornus are however evergreen. Dogwood 'flowers' are actually reduced inflorescences or pseudanthia. The genus Griselinia formerly often included in the Cornaceae, is now placed in its own family, Griseliniaceae. The genus Aucuba, formerly often included in the Cornaceae, has now been transferred to the family Garryaceae.

Dipterocarpaceae family
Dipterocarpaceae is a family of 17 genera and approximately 500 species of mainly tropical lowland rainforest trees.

Garjan Dipterocarpus species
Sal Shorea species
Ebenaceae (Persimmon family)
The Ebenaceae are a family of flowering plants, which includes ebony and persimmon. The family has approximately 500 species of trees and shrubs in two genera, Diospyros and Euclea. The species are mostly evergreen and native to the tropics and subtropics, with a few deciduous species native to temperate regions. Diospyros contains 450-500 species and a pantropical distribution, with the greatest diversity of species in Indomalaya. Euclea contains 20 species, native to Africa, the Comoro Islands, and Arabia. A persistent calyx on the fruits is characteristic of the family.

Persimmon, Diospyros species
Ericaceae (Heath family)
The Ericaceae family consists of herbs, shrubs and trees with leaves that are alternate, simple and estipulate.

Arbutus, Arbutus species
Eucommiaceae (Eucommia family)
Eucommia (Eucommia ulmoides) is a small tree native to China. It is extinct in the wild, but is widely cultivated in China for its bark, highly valued in herbology such as Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM).

Fabaceae (Pea family)
Fabaceae can be trees to annual herbs. The Fabaceae or Leguminosae are a large and economically important family of flowering plants, which is commonly known as the legume family, pea family, bean family or pulse family.

Acacia, Acacia species
Honey locust, Gleditsia triacanthos
Black locust, Robinia pseudoacacia
Laburnum, Laburnum species
Pau Brasil, Brazilwood, Caesalpinia echinata
Fagaceae (Beech family)
The family Fagaceae, or beech family, comprises about 900 species of both evergreen and deciduous trees and shrubs, which are characterized by alternate simple leaves with pinnate venation, unisexual flowers in the form of catkins, and fruit in the form of cup-like (cupule) nuts.

The Tree: A Natural History of What Trees Are, How They Live, and Why They Matter

Chestnut Tree

Beech, Fagus species
Southern beech, Nothofagus species
Tanoak, Lithocarpus densiflorus
Oak, Quercus species
Fouquieriaceae (Boojum family)
Fouquieria is a genus of 11 species of desert plants, the sole genus in the family Fouquieriaceae. The genus includes the Ocotillo (F. splendens) and the Boojum tree or Cirio (F. columnaris). They have succulent stems with thinner spikes projecting from them, with leaves on the spikes. They are unrelated to cacti and do not look much like them; their stems are proportionately thinner than cactus stems and their leaves are larger.

Boojum, Fouquieria columnaris
Hamamelidaceae (Witch-hazel family)
The Hamamelidaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Saxifragales, including 27 genera and about 80-90 species, all shrubs and small trees.

Persian Ironwood, Parrotia persica
Juglandaceae (Walnut family)
The Juglandaceae, also known as the Walnut Family, is a family of trees, or sometimes shrubs, in the order Fagales. Various members of this family are native to the Americas, Eurasia, and Southeast Asia.

Walnut Tree

Hickory Tree

Wingnut, Pterocarya species
Lauraceae (Laurel family)
The Lauraceae or Laurel family comprises a group of flowering plants included in the order Laurales. The family contains about 55 genera and over 2000 (perhaps as many as 4000) species world-wide, mostly from warm or tropical regions, especially Southeast Asia and Brazil. Most are aromatic evergreen trees or shrubs.

Cinnamon Tree

Bay Laurel Laurus nobilis
Avocado Persea americana
Lecythidaceae (Paradise nut family)
The Lecythidaceae comprise a family of about 20 genera and 250-300 species of woody plants native to tropical South America and Madagascar.

Brazil Nut Bertholletia excelsa
Lythraceae Loosestrife family
Lythraceae is a family of flowering plants. It includes 500-600 species of mostly herbs, with some shrubs and trees, in 32 genera. Lythraceae have a worldwide distribution, with most species in the tropics but ranging into temperate climate regions as well. The family is named after the type genus, Lythrum, the loosestrifes (e.g. Lythrum salicaria Purple loosestrife). It now also includes the pomegranate, formerly classed in a separate family Punicaceae. The family also includes the widely cultivated crepe myrtle trees.

Magnoliaceae (Magnolia family)
The Magnoliaceae is a family in the flowering plant Order Magnoliales. It consists of two subfamilies: Magnolioideae, of which Magnolia is the most well-known genus. Liriodendroidae, a monogeneric subfamily, of which Liriodendron (Tulip trees) is the only genus.

Tulip Tree

Magnolia Tree

Malvaceae (Mallow family; including Tiliaceae and Bombacaceae)
Malvaceae, or the mallow family, is a family of flowering plants containing over 200 genera with close to 2,300 species. The largest genera in terms of number of species include Hibiscus (300 species), Sterculia (250 species), Dombeya (225 species), Pavonia (200 species) and Sida (200 species).

Baobab tree in South-Africa.Baobab, Adansonia species
Silk-cotton tree, Bombax species
Bottletrees, Brachychiton species
Kapok, Ceiba pentandra
Durian, Durio zibethinus
Balsa, Ochroma lagopus
Cacao (cocoa), Theobroma cacao
Linden (Basswood, Lime), Tilia species
Meliaceae (Mahogany family)
The Meliaceae, or the Mahogany family, is a flowering plant family of mostly trees and shrubs (and a few herbaceous plants) in the order Sapindales.

Neem, Azadirachta indica
Bead tree, Melia azedarach

Mahogany Tree

Moraceae (Mulberry family)
Moraceae is a family of flowering plants commonly known as the mulberry or fig family. It comprises about 40 genera and over 1000 species of plants widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, less common in temperate climates.

Fig, Ficus species

Mulberry Tree

Myristicaceae (Nutmeg family)
Myristicaceae is the botanical name for a family of flowering plants. The family has been recognised by most taxonomists; it is sometimes called the "nutmeg family", after its most famous member, Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans).

Nutmeg, Mysristica fragrans
Myrtaceae (Myrtle family)
The Myrtaceae or Myrtle family are a family of dicotyledon plants, placed within the order Myrtales. Myrtle, clove, guava, feijoa, allspice, and eucalyptus belong here. All species are woody, with essential oils, and flower parts in multiples of four or five. One notable character of the family is that the phloem is located on both sides of the xylem, not just outside as in most other plants. The leaves are evergreen, alternate to mostly opposite, simple, and usually with an entire (not toothed) margin. The flowers have a base number of five petals, though in several genera the petals are minute or absent. The stamens are usually very conspicuous, brightly coloured and numerous. The family Myrtaceae has at least 3000 species distributed in 130-150 genera. They have a wide distribution in tropical and warm-temperate regions of the world, and are typically common in many of the world's biodiversity hotspots.

Eucalyptus Tree

Myrtle, Myrtus species
Guava, Psidium guajava
Nyssaceae (Tupelo family; sometimes included in Cornaceae)
The Nyssaceae is a small family of flowering plants related to and often included within the dogwood family (Cornaceae). As most commonly circumscribed, the Nyssaceae includes three genera of trees.

Tupelo, Nyssa species
Dove tree, Davidia involucrata
Oleaceae (Olive family)
The Oleaceae, or olive family, is a plant family containing 24 extant genera and around 600 species of mesophytic shrubs, trees and occasionally vines. As shrubs, members of this family may be twine climbers, or scramblers.

Nyssaceae: a Dove tree in flowerOlive, Olea europaea
Ash, Fraxinus species
Paulowniaceae (Paulownia family)
Foxglove Tree, Paulownia species
Platanaceae (Plane family)
Plane, Platanus species
Rhizophoraceae (Mangrove family)
Red Mangrove, Rhizophora mangle
Rosaceae (Rose family)
Rowans, Whitebeams, Service Trees Sorbus species
Hawthorn, Crataegus species
Pear, Pyrus species
Apple, Malus species

Almond Tree

Peach, Prunus persica
Apricot, Prunus armeniaca
Plum, Prunus domestica
Cherry, Prunus species
Rubiaceae (Bedstraw family)
Coffee, Coffea species
Rutaceae (Rue family)
Citrus, Citrus species
Cork-tree, Phellodendron species
Euodia, Tetradium species
Salicaceae (Willow family)
Aspen, Populus species
Poplar, Populus species

Willow Tree

Sapindaceae (including Aceraceae, Hippocastanaceae) (Soapberry family)


Maple Tree

Buckeye, Horse-chestnut, Aesculus species
Mexican Buckeye, Ungnadia speciosa
Lychee, Litchi sinensis
Golden rain tree, Koelreuteria
Sapotaceae (Sapodilla family)
Argan, Argania spinosa
Gutta-percha, Palaquium species
Tambalacoque, or "dodo tree", Sideroxylon grandiflorum, previously Calvaria major
Simaroubaceae family
Tree of heaven, Ailanthus species
Theaceae (Camellia family)
Gordonia, Gordonia species
Stewartia, Stewartia species
Thymelaeaceae (Thymelaea family)
Ramin, Gonystylus species
Ulmaceae (Elm family)
Elm, Ulmus species
Zelkova, Zelkova species
Verbenaceae family

Teak Tree

Monocotyledons (Liliopsida).

Agavaceae (Agave family)
Cabbage tree, Cordyline australis
Dragon tree, Dracaena draco
Joshua tree, Yucca brevifolia

Palm Trees

Areca Nut, Areca catechu

Coconut Tree

Date Palm Tree

Chusan Palm, Trachycarpus fortunei
Poaceae (grass family)
Bamboos Poaceae subfamily Bambusoideae
Note that banana 'trees' are not actually trees; they are not woody nor is the stalk perennial.

Conifers (Pinophyta; softwood trees)
Araucariaceae (Araucaria family)
Araucaria, Araucaria species
Kauri, Agathis species
Wollemia, Wollemia nobilis
Cupressaceae (Cypress family)
Cypress, Cupressus species
Cypress, Chamaecyparis species

Juniper Tree

Alerce or Patagonian cypress, Fitzroya cupressoides
Sugi, Cryptomeria japonica
Coast Redwood, Sequoia sempervirens
Giant Sequoia, Sequoiadendron giganteum
Dawn Redwood, Metasequoia glyptostroboides
Western Redcedar Thuja plicata
Bald Cypress, Taxodium species
Pinaceae (Pine family)
White pine, Pinus species
Pinyon pine, Pinus species

Pine Tree

Spruce, Picea species
Larch, Larix species
Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga species
Fir, Abies species

Cedar Tree

Podocarpaceae (Yellowwood family)
African Yellowwood, Afrocarpus falcatus
Totara, Podocarpus totara
Miro, Prumnopitys ferruginea
Kahikatea, Dacrycarpus dacrydioides
Rimu, Dacrydium cupressinum
Sciadopityaceae,
Kusamaki, Sciadopitys species
Taxaceae (Yew family)
Yew, Taxus species.

Ginkgos (Ginkgophyta)
Ginkgoaceae (Ginkgo family)
Ginkgo, Ginkgo biloba.

Cycads (Cycadophyta)
Cycadaceae family
Ngathu cycad, Cycas angulata
Zamiaceae family
Wunu cycad, Lepidozamia hopei.

Ferns (Pterophyta)
Cyatheaceae and Dicksoniaceae families
Tree ferns, Cyathea, Alsophila, Dicksonia (not a monophyletic group).

Fossil trees
Wattieza, the oldest known tree.

How to Climb A Tree



Paralumun New Age Village